Thesis Archive
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WATER-IN-DIESEL EMULSIONS WITH SPAN 80 – TWEEN 80 EMULSIFIER SYSTEM
Maynard Romney N. Chiong
Reden Christopher G. Magbitang
Alvin Noel P. Obillo
Abstract:
Diesel fuel is widely used in the Philippines and it has its own beneficial and detrimental effects on both the engine and the environment. One method of lessening the detrimental effects of diesel in relation to its emissions is the formulation of water-in-diesel emulsions. This study aims to formulate stable blend/s of Water-in-Diesel Emulsion using a binary mixture of Span 80 and Tween 80 with a 50-50 ratio as emulsifier to alleviate the problems and improve the fuel’s properties. The amount of diesel, water, and emulsifier in each blend was varied between 77.5-91.5%, 2.5-7.5%, and 6-15% respectively. The emulsions were prepared using a commercial blender at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. After 30 days, the stable blends were tested for their density, viscosity, flash point, pour point, and heating value.
It was found that the samples with 6% emulsifier were unstable due to turbid coloration, while the samples having 2.5% water remain stable even after 165 days of storage. On the other hand, the densities of the samples were all found to be greater than that of pure diesel except for the sample with 2.5% water and 9% emulsifier. For the viscosity, the results show that increasing the water content also increases viscosity instead of decreasing it due to micelle formation. No flash points were recorded for the emulsion samples due to the evaporation of water during the heating process. The lowest pour point achieved was at -3 ˚C but no direct relationship was found with the emulsifier and water content. Lastly, the HHV of the emulsion samples were all lower than that of diesel but HHV losses did not exceed 15%.
Adviser:
Dr. Susan A. Roces
Dr. Nathaniel P. Dugos
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