Advanced Studies Programs
Mechanical Engineering Department
Master of Engineering in Mechanical (M.Eng ME)
Course Requirements | |
Foundation subjects | 12 units |
Methods of Research | 3 units |
Advanced Mathematics | 6 units |
Major subjects | 15 units |
Cognates / electives | 6 units |
Practicum | 6 units |
Orientation for Non-DLSU graduates | (1 unit) |
Total | 48 units |
Note: The foundation courses that a student should take may be reduced or waived; however, the student has to complete the 48-units requirement by taking more elective subjects as substitute to the foundation courses.
Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering (MS-ME)
Course Requirements | |
Methods of Research | 3 units |
Advanced Mathematics | 6 units |
Major subjects | 15 units |
Cognates / electives | 6 units |
Thesis | 6 units |
Orientation for Non-DLSU graduates | (1 unit) |
Total | 36 units |
Note: Cognates/Electives may be chosen from other engineering graduate programs.
Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering (Ph.D ME)
Course requirements | |
Specialization Courses | 12 units |
Philosophy course | 3 units |
Seminar | 3 units |
Dissertation | 12 units |
Orientation for Non-DLSU graduates | (1 unit) |
Total | 30 units |
Required Courses
A. Foundation Courses (required 12 units for M. Eng) | ||
COURSE CODE | COURSE TITLE | DESCRIPTION |
COE5010 | Engineering Mathematics | This course covers Review of First-order-First-degree differential equation, Laplace Transforms, Systems of linear differential equation with constant coefficients, Power Series Solution of Differential Equations, Fourier Series, and Partial Differential Equations. |
COE5020 | Quantitative Methods | The course covers the basic concepts of probability, random variables, special discrete and continuous probability distributions, sampling concepts, sampling distributions, hypothesis testing, and linear regression and correlation analysis. |
COE5410 | Computer Engineering | This course covers topics on variables, constants, operations and expressions, program control statements, functions, arrays, structures, unions, I/O disk files, understanding memory models, turbo-C. |
COE571M | Techpreneurship |
This course takes the participant through entrepreneurship in technology ventures, which is about commercializing technology ideas into viable enterprises. It is about training techies, scientists and researchers in the skills and attitudes of entrepreneurs, about empowering them to realize the opportunities and commercial values arising from their ideas, technologies, technology applications or products.
The course examines the development of ideas and how these are translated into opportunities and eventually businesses; it challenges the students to go through the process of writing a business plan, which will be their final output in this course. |
B. Orientation (1 unit, Non-Academic) | ||
COE5000 | Engineering Orientation | The course includes topics on the DLSU history, mission statement, organizational structure, key officers/offices; the Brothers of the Christian Schools, the life and writings of St. John Baptist de la Salle; Lasallian core values and professional ethics. |
C. Basic Subject (3 units Required) | ||
COE5200 | Methods of Research | A study of the fundamentals of research designs, analysis and interpretations of data, project feasibility studies, and qualitative research techniques |
COE559D | Philosophy of Technology (for PhD students only) | The course provides a focal point for the creators and doers of technology to examine critically and reflect upon the social influences of technology. The course discusses the philosophical foundation of science, technology, and engineering and analyzes their relationship. It includes a brief presentation of the history of science, technology and engineering surveying major developments from the Industrial Revolution to the present and introduces ethical issues in the work life of engineers and scientists. |
D. Advanced Mathematics (6 units Required) | ||
COE5310 | Advanced Mathematical Methods | Review of linear algebra and linear differential equation, existence and uniqueness, autonomous systems, phase portraits, nonlinear system, linearization, stability, perturbation, chaos and bifurcation. |
COE5320 | Numerical Methods with Computer Programming and Application | Matrix computations, roots of linear and non-linear system, interpolation, numerical integration and differentiation, predictor connector, and Runge Kutta Methods, finite difference methods and introduction to finite element methods. |
COE5100 | Statistical Analysis and Design | Basic Research Methods; analysis of variance and convariance; Experimental Design; Advanced Regression Analysis; Non-Parametric Test |
COURSE CODE |
COURSE DESCRIPTION |
COURSE TYPE |
COURSE DESCRIPTION |
MEE |
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MEE570M | Advanced Thermodynamics | Major | This course deals with the following topics: Thermodynamic property relations; Gas and gas-vapor mixtures; Thermodynamics of reacting systems; Chemical and phase equilibrium; and Introduction to statistical thermodynamics. |
MEE570D | Advanced Thermodynamics (For PhD) | Major | This is an extension of MEE570M intended for PhD students. This course deals with the following topics: Thermodynamic property relations; Gas and gas-vapor mixtures; Thermodynamics of reacting systems; Chemical and phase equilibrium; and Introduction to statistical thermodynamics. |
MEE571M | Advanced Heat Transfer | Major | This course deals with the following topics: Multi-dimensional conduction heat transfer; Convection and radiation heat transfer; Boiling heat transfer; Transient conduction heat transfer; and Numerical methods in solving transfer problems. |
MEE571D | Advanced Heat Transfer (For PhD) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE571M intended for PhD students. This course deals with the following topics: Multi-dimensional conduction heat transfer; Convection and radiation heat transfer; Boiling heat transfer; Transient conduction heat transfer; and Numerical methods in solving transfer problems. |
MEE572M | Composite Materials | Major | This course deals with the following topics: The mechanics of composite materials; Generalized Hooke¿s Law; Properties of orthotropic materials; Laminated composites; Strength of laminated composites; and Manufacture and applications of advanced composites. |
MEE572D | Composite Materials ( for PhD) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE572M intended for PhD students. This course deals with the following topics: The mechanics of composite materials; Generalized Hooke¿s Law; Properties of orthotropic materials; Laminated composites; Strength of laminated composites; and Manufacture and applications of advanced composites. |
MEE573M | Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing | Major | This course deals with the fundamentals of computer numerical control and CAD/CAM Technology. A machining center is used to implement the g-code programs while Spectracad/Spectracam softwares are introduced to illustrate CAD/CAM Technology. A 3-D Parametric Modeling software is also discussed in the latter part of the term. |
MEE573D | Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (for PhD) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE573M intended for Ph.D. students. It deals with the fundamentals of computer numerical control and CAD/CAM Technology. A machining center is used to implement the g-code programs while Spectracad/Spectracam softwares are introduced to illustrate CAD/CAM Technology. A 3-D Parametric Modeling software is also discussed in the latter part of the term. |
MEE574M |
Manufacturing And Environmental Systems Modeling And Design
|
Major | The problems associated with the environment are very much associated with manufacturing of products. Raw materials from natural sources are extracted and processed and taken to the production floor. In the latter, various residuals are generated in the form of solid, water or airborne wastes and discharges. Problems do not only occur during production but also when the finished products are distributed, used and disposed of. This brings the concept of “product life cycle” which allows analysis of the overall environmental impact from cradle to grave. Modelling of manufacturing systems are very important to ensure that all impacts to the environment are accounted for accurately. Techniques to determine these impacts are available in the form of software codes and programs. This will explore all routes for sustainability such as waste minimization and cleaner production options, including materials selection and substitution and energy |
MEE574D | Manufacturing And Environmental Systems Modeling (for Ph.D.) | Major | The problems associated with the environment are very much associated with manufacturing of products. Raw materials from natural sources are extracted and processed and taken to the production floor. In the latter, various residuals are generated in the form of solid, water or airborne wastes and discharges. Problems do not only occur during production but also when the finished products are distributed, used and disposed of. This brings the concept of “product life cycle” which allows analysis of the overall environmental impact from cradle to grave. Modelling of manufacturing systems are very important to ensure that all impacts to the environment are accounted for accurately. Techniques to determine these impacts are available in the form of software codes and programs. This will explore all routes for sustainability such as waste minimization and cleaner production options, including materials selection and substitution and energy |
MEE575M | Finite Element Analysis | Major | This subject covers various finite element method concepts and methodologies applied to the design and analysis of mechanical systems. Techniques are illustrated using case studies through a variety of learning strategies, including lectures on theoretical foundations and problem-based learning through realistic case studies solved with appropriate computer software. Students may also be asked to attend alternative classes or field trips where appropriate. |
MEE601M | Mechatronic Design | Major | This course deals with the mechatronic design processes, its basic steps and requirements; components of mechatronic systems and modular approach to mechatronic system design; and example and case studies of mechatronic system. |
MEE601D | Mechatronic Design (for PhD) | Major | This is an extension of MEE601M intended for PhD Students. This course deals with the mechatronic design processes, its basic steps and requirements; components of mechatronic systems and modular approach to mechatronic system design; and example and case studies of mechatronic system. |
MEE602M | Robotics and Mechatronics for ME | Major | Covers topics on Robotics applications to Industries, Software and hardware design of industrial robots, Manufacturing and process automation, Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Programmable logic controllers concepts and applications |
MEE602D | Robotics and Mechatronics for ME (for PhD) | Major | This is an extension of MEE602M intended for PhD Students. Covers topics on Robotics applications to Industries, Software and hardware design of industrial robots, Manufacturing and process automation, Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Programmable logic controllers concepts and applications |
MEE603M | Fuzzy Logic for ME | Major | This course discusses the foundation and concepts of fuzzy logic systems; Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC’s) Design and Analysis issues; Fuzzy logic system implementation and applications. |
MEE604M | Neural Networks for ME | Major | This course covers topics on Artificial Neural Networks Concepts and Applications; Supervised, Unsupervised, and Reinforced Learning Architectures; Input/Output Coding Techniques; Adalene and Madalene, Multilayer perception model. BAM and the Hopfeld memory; Counter propagation network, Self-Organizing Map; and Hybrid Neural Network Modeling |
MEE605M | Genetic Algorithm for ME | Major | This course aims to educate students about the concepts and uses of genetic algorithm in search, optimization, and machine learning. It covers the fundamental theory involved and gives detailed design examples involving both software and system optimization. Genetic Algorithm has emerged as a viable approach in control engineering and IT application. It is not only useful for very complex, ill-defined and non-linear systems which cannot be solved by conventional algorithms, but is also useful in improving the performance of systems which can be solved by conventional techniques but with poor quality. Genetic algorithms are algorithms for optimization and learning based on the mechanism of genetic evolution. It gives solutions to problems using a probabilistic optimization method based on evolution strategies as nature solves the problem of adapting living organisms to the harsh realities of life in a hostile world |
MEE606M | Robotic Process Automation | Major | The course introduces the potential of adopting and implementing Robotic Process Automation (RPA) aka ¿Bots¿, an emerging form of business process automation technology. The course begins by looking at predominantly manual industry-standard business processes. The students get to learn the analytic procedure of selecting which processes are to benefit the most from RPA using complexity and business- impact analysis. The course includes the hands-on use of Automation Anywhere software, one of the leading platforms in RPA today, to build ¿bots¿. |
MEE606D | Robotic Process Automation (for PhD) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE606M and intended for PhD students. The course introduces the potential of adopting and implementing Robotic Process Automation (RPA) aka ¿Bots¿, an emerging form of business process automation technology. The course begins by looking at predominantly manual industry-standard business processes. The students get to learn the analytic procedure of selecting which processes are to benefit the most from RPA using complexity and business- impact analysis. The course includes the hands-on use of Automation Anywhere software, one of the leading platforms in RPA today, to build ¿bots¿. |
MEE611M | Instrumentation and Precision Engineering | Major | This course deals with computer-based measurement systems including electrical/electronic sensors, signal conditioning and data acquisition systems; precision control systems particularly position and motion servo-control systems, both hardware and software components;application in robotic systems and industrial machinery. |
MEE611D | Instrumentation and Precision Engineering (for Ph.D.) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE611M intended for Ph.D students. It deals with computer-based measurement systems including electrical/electronic sensors, signal conditioning and data acquisition systems; precision control systems particularly position and motion servo-control systems, both hardware and software components;application in robotic systems and industrial machinery. |
MEE612M | Industrial Automation and Control | Major | This course deals with the review of basic control system, industrial control components, pneumatics, and electronic devices. An introduction to direct digital control and supervisory control is discussed with recent trends in industrial automation particularly programmable logic controller (PLC)-based automation, sensors and actuators. |
MEE612D | Industrial Automation and Control | Major | This course is an extension of MEE612M and is intended for Ph.D. students.The subject deals with the review of basic control system, industrial control components, pneumatics, and electronic devices. An introduction to direct digital control and supervisory control is discussed with recent trends in industrial automation particularly programmable logic controller (PLC)-based automation, sensors and actuators. |
MEE614M | Control Engineering | Major | The course introduces the basic concepts as well as important applications of feedback control system with emphasis on analysis as well as design techniques. As the control field is a dynamic area of research, recent developments are also taken up along with classical topics, including digital control. |
MEE614D | Control Engineering (for PhD) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE614M intended for PhD students. The subject introduces the basic concepts as well as important applications of feedback control system with emphasis on analysis as well as design techniques. As the control field is a dynamic area of research, recent developments are also taken up along with classical topics, including digital control. |
MEE620M | Mechanical System Design with Optimization Technique | Major | The main components of design are identification of need, innovation, decision making and detail design. The course focuses in the decision component and how this can be accomplish analytically. The approach integrates numerous areas of interest namely: Concept of value, probabilistic decision theory, optimization analysis and reliability. |
MEE620D | Mechanical System Design with Optimization Technique (for PhD) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE620M intended for PhD students. The main components of design are identification of need, innovation, decision making and detail design. The course focuses in the decision component and how this can be accomplish analytically. The approach integrates numerous areas of interest namely: Concept of value, probabilistic decision theory, optimization analysis and reliability. |
MEE621M | Advanced Vibrations | Major | This course deals with the following topics: Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems; Generalized coordinates; Eigenvalue problem; Modal Analysis; Exact and approximate methods for continuous systems; Lagrange’s Equations; Introduction to nonlinear systems; and introduction to random vibrations. |
MEE621D | Advanced Vibrations (for PhD) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE621M intended for PhD students. It includes topics on Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems; Generalized coordinates; Eigenvalue problem; Modal Analysis; Exact and approximate methods for continuous systems; Lagrange’s Equations; Introduction to nonlinear systems; and introduction to random vibrations. |
MEE622M | Safety Requirements for Machine and Equipment | Major | The prevention of mechanical accidents caused by failure of machine or mis-operation and the technological fundamentals of fail-safe system are studied. |
MEE622D | Safety Requirements for Machine and Equipment (for Ph.D.) | Major | This course is an extension of ME622M intended for PhD students. The prevention of mechanical accidents caused by failure of machine or mis-operation and the technological fundamentals of fail-safe system are studied. |
MEE623M | Computational Methods in Mechanical Engineering | Major | This course deals with the following topics: Computational methods used in the solution of complex problems in stress and deflection analysis, solid mechanics, multi-dimensional heat transfer, vibrations, and fluid flow; The Finite Element Method (FEM) and Finite element Analysis (FEA); Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); and the proper use of FEA and CFD software to produce effective results. |
MEE623D | Computational Methods in Mechanical Engineering (for PhD students) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE623M intended for PhD students. It deals with Computational methods used in the solution of complex problems in stress and deflection analysis, solid mechanics, multi-dimensional heat transfer, vibrations, and fluid flow; The Finite Element Method (FEM) and Finite element Analysis (FEA); Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); and the proper use of FEA and CFD software to produce effective results |
MEE624M | Gas Dynamics | Major | This course deals with the dynamics and thermodynamics of compressible fluid flow; One-dimensional compressible flow; and Introduction to 2-and-3 dimensional compressible flow. |
MEE624D | Gas Dynamics (for Ph.D.) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE624M intended for PhD students. It covers topics on dynamics and thermodynamics of compressible fluid flow; One-dimensional compressible flow; and Introduction to 2-and-3 dimensional compressible flow. |
MEE625M | Experimental Techniques in Combustion Engineering | Major | This subject looks at the various experimental methodologies utilized in the evaluation of combustion fuels and systems. It covers fuel characterization; and combustion performance and emissions testing. The testing and evaluation of various combustion systems will also be discussed including combustors, fixed bed gasifiers,fluidized bed gasifiers and internal combustion engines. |
MEE625D | Experimental Techniques in Combustion Engineering (for Ph.D.) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE625M intended for PhD students. This subject looks at the various experimental methodologies utilized in the evaluation of combustion fuels and systems. It covers fuel characterization; and combustion performance and emissions testing. The testing and evaluation of various combustion systems will also be discussed including combustors, fixed bed gasifiers,fluidized bed gasifiers and internal combustion engines. |
MEE626M | Computational Fluid Dynamics in Mechanical Engineering | Major | This subject covers various computational fluid dynamics concepts and methodologies applied to the design and analysis of mechanical systems. Techniques are illustrated using case studies through a variety of learning strategies, including lectures on theoretical foundations and problem-based learning through realistic case studies solved with appropriate computer software. Students may also be asked to attend alternative classes or field trips where appropriate. |
MEE627M | Foundation of Advanced Fluid mechanics for ME | Major | This subject is a formal introduction to Fluid Mechanics at the graduate level. Unlike in the undergraduate level where the aim was to prepare the student for the engineers’ licensure exams and professional practice, the aim of this subject is to provide the tools necessary for a student to conduct advanced research in the area of Fluid Mechanics and its applications to Mechanical Engineering |
MEE627D | Foundation of Advanced Fluid mechanics for ME (for Ph.D.) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE627M. This subject is a formal introduction to Fluid Mechanics at the graduate level. Unlike in the undergraduate level where the aim was to prepare the student for the engineers’ licensure exams and professional practice, the aim of this subject is to provide the tools necessary for a student to conduct advanced research in the area of Fluid Mechanics and its applications to Mechanical Engineering |
MEE631M | Advanced Refrigeration, Theory and Applications | Major | This course deals with the various types of refrigerating system and refrigerating cycle; introduction to cryogenic technique; refrigerating load calculation and selection of refrigeration equipment;and study of refrigerating system control and instrumentation. |
MEE631D | Advanced Refrigeration, Theory and Applications (for Ph.D.) | Major | This subject is an extension of MEE631M intended for Ph.D. students. This course deals with the various types of refrigerating system and refrigerating cycle;introduction to cryogenic technique; refrigerating load calculation and selection of refrigeration equipment;and study of refrigerating system control and instrumentation. |
MEE632M | Cleaner Production Technology and Environment Management | Major | This course covers the broad range of environmental management approaches current pursued by organizations, including the ISO 14000 (EMS) series standards. It analyzes the various management technology, operational-related concerns affecting the general environmental technologies applied in many organizations. |
MEE632D | Cleaner Production Technology and Environment Management (for Ph.D.) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE632M intended for Ph.D. students. It covers the broad range of environmental management approaches current pursued by organizations, including the ISO 14000 (EMS) series standards. It analyzes the various management technology, operational-related concerns affecting the general environmental technologies applied in many organizations. |
MEE633M | Energy Engineering | Major | This course deals with the introduction to energy engineering, world and national energy use; energy use by sector and their patterns of use; work and national energy resources; and renewal source of energy such as hydro, solar, geothermal, biomass, wind and tidal forces. |
MEE633D | Energy Engineering (for Ph.D.) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE633M intended for PhD students. It covers topics on the introduction to energy engineering, world and national energy use; energy use by sector and their patterns of use; work and national energy resources; renewal source of energy such as hydro, solar, geothermal, biomass, wind and tidal forces. |
MEE634M | Advanced Air-Conditioning and Ventilation | Major | This course deals with criteria for thermal comfort, general ventilation, fume and dust removal, various types of air conditioning system and equipment, air distribution, piping, noise and vibration control, air conditioning control and instrumentation. |
MEE634D | Advanced Air-Conditioning and Ventilation (for Ph.D.) | Major | This course deals with criteria for thermal comfort; general ventilation; fume and dust removal; various types of air conditioning system and equipment, air distribution; piping; noise and vibration control; air conditioning control and instrumentation. |
MEE635M | Energy Systems Modeling and Design | Major | This course deals with the Total systems design; systems theory and application of modeling and simulation techniques in energy system design; and optimization and multiple objective designs. |
MEE635D | Energy Systems Modeling and Design (for PhD students) | Major | This course is an extension of MEE635M intended for PhD students, topics covered are the Total systems design; systems theory and application of modeling and simulation techniques in energy system design; optimization, and multiple objective designs. |
MEE636D | Thermal and Fluid Systems Modeling (for PhD) | Major | This is an extension of MEE636M intended for PhD students. It covers topics on Applications of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer to the design and modeling of thermo-fluid systems; Applications in power generation, refrigeration and air-conditioning, internal combustion engines, and industrial process systems. |
MEE811M | Special Topics in Mechatronics | Major | Course content varies and depends on the expertise of the faculty. |
MEE811D | Special Topics in Mechatronics (for Ph.D.) | Major | Course content varies and depends on the expertise of the faculty. |
MEE812M | Special Topics in Mechanical Design | Major | Course content varies and depends on the expertise of the faculty. |
MEE812D | Special Topics in Mechanical Design (for Ph.D.) | Major | Course content varies and depends on the expertise of the faculty. |
MEE813M | Special Topics in Thermo Fluid Engineering | Major | Course content varies and depends on the expertise of the faculty. |
MEE813D | Special Topics in Thermo Fluid Engineering (for PhD) | Major | Course content varies and depends on the expertise of the faculty. |
MEE814M | Special Topics in Energy and Environment (Geothermal Energy) | Major | Course content varies and depends on the expertise of the faculty. |
MEE814D | Special Topics in Energy and Environment (for PhD) | Major | Course content varies and depends on the expertise of the faculty. |
MEE825M | Introduction of Nanotechnology | Major | This course is about introduction to Nanotechnology specifically for students with mechanical engineering background. Topics include: experimental methods in nanomaterials characterization; diffraction and scattering; scanning techniques; and optical microscopy. |
MEE825D | Introduction of Nanotechnology for PhD | Major | This course is an extension of MEE825M intended for PhD students. This course is about introduction to Nanotechnology specifically for students with mechanical engineering background. Topics include: experimental methods in nanomaterials characterization; diffraction and scattering; scanning techniques; and optical microscopy. |
MEE840D | Seminar in Ph.D. – Mechanical Engineering | Major | This course is intended for PhD students in preparation for their PhD dissertation. This includes attendance to seminars / conferences and paper presentations of topics related to their dissertation. |
MEN8310 | Practicum1 | Research | MEN Project 1 |
MEN8320 | Practicum 2 | Research | MEN Project 2 |
MEN8330 | Practicum 3 | Research | MEN Project 3 |
MEN8410 | Directed Research 1 | Research | Supervised Research 1 |
MEN8420 | Directed Research 2 | Research | Supervised Research 1 and Project Output Presentation |
MEE843D | Directed Research 3 | Research | Supervised Research 3 |
MEN851M | Thesis 1 | Research | M.E Research Methods 1 |
MEN852M | Thesis 2 | Research | M.E Research Methods 2 |
MEN853M | Thesis 3 | Research | M.E Research Methods 3 |
MEN854M | Thesis 4 | Research | M.E Research Methods 4 |
MEN855M | Thesis 5 | Research | M.E Research Methods 5 |
MEN856M | Thesis 6 | Research | M.E Research Methods 6 |
MEN857M | Thesis 7 | Research | M.E Research Methods 7 |
MEN858M | Thesis 8 | Research | M.E Research Methods 8 |
MEN859M | Thesis 9 | Research | M.E Research Methods 9 |
MEN951D | Doctoral Dissertation 1 | Research | Doctoral Research Methods 1 |
MEN952D | Doctoral Dissertation 2 | Research | Doctoral Research Methods 2 |
MEN953D | Doctoral Dissertation 3 | Research | Doctoral Research Methods 3 |
MEN954D | Doctoral Dissertation 4 | Research | Doctoral Research Methods 4 |
MEN955D | Doctoral Dissertation 5 | Research | Doctoral Research Methods 5 |
MEN956D | Doctoral Dissertation 6 | Research | Doctoral Research Methods 6 |
MEN957D | Doctoral Dissertation 7 | Research | Doctoral Research Methods 7 |
MEN958D | Doctoral Dissertation 8 | Research | Doctoral Research Methods 8 |
MEN959D | Doctoral Dissertation 9 | Research | Doctoral Research Methods 9 |